P.,
hydro/wind-rich grids such Norway or
Quebec).
Based life cycle inventory (LCI)
comparing V2H system (BEV, solar PV,
and bidirectional charger) conventional
setup with gasoline vehicle and petrol
infrastructure the Japanese context.g. December 2021." Proceedings the 27th International Electric Vehicle Symposium (EVS27), Barcelona, Spain, November 2013
40
Zhang, Shuo, and Gregory M.1 Emission Metrics System
Configuration
Table discusses the environmental
assessment V2H operation detail. Potential CO₂ Reduction Vehicle Home System from Life Cycle
Perspective.
Environmental Assessment V2H Operation
Estimated CO₂ Reduction Assumptions Notes
V2H vs
Conventional
(Gasoline +
Grid)39
~35–42% CO₂ reduction over
a 35-year house 11-year
vehicle lifetime, based full
life cycle assessment. "Home Energy Optimization Using Vehicle-to-Home.
Table Environmental Assessment V2H Operation
39 41
39
Kudoh, Yuki, Ryoko Motose, and Kiyotaka Tahara." Open Research Europe no. Study focuses cost,
not explicit carbon intensity metrics. Stationary battery
storage not included this estimate.
V2H with
Time-of-Use
Charging (No
PV)41
Indirect CO₂ savings from up
to 30% shift electricity cost
and demand off-peak hours;
specific CO₂eq/kWh not
reported
Based optimizing charging during
low-tariff (and likely lower-emission) night
hours and using the power home
during peak hours. PV-Powered
Electric Vehicle Charging Stations: Preliminary Requirements and Feasibility Conditions. While specific g
CO₂eq/kWh value reported, system
performance superior grid-only setups.
V2H 100%
Solar PV40
Lifecycle emissions low as
12–13 CO₂/km ~12–15 g
CO₂eq/kWh when is
exclusively charged solar
PV systems
Calculated under the assumption that the EV
is charged entirely from rooftop solar PV,
with grid dependence. IEA PVPS Task Report T17-
02:2021. V2H discharging modelled as
household offset, not export grid.
.1.g.
1 (2025): 1–15.
V2H with High
RE
penetration
(Hydro/Wind)3
6
Estimated emissions ~80–
120 CO₂eq/kWh when
charged during periods high
renewable energy supply
(e., hydro/wind mix)
Assumes charging timed during
periods high renewable penetration (e.PAGE VEHICLE-TO-HOME (V2H) SYSTEMS
HANDBOOK
5. O’Hare.
41
Sechilariu, Manuela, Reinders, Krim, Cheikh-Mohamad, Sierra, Seiler, and Ben Slimane.
V2H +
Stationary
Storage36
Emissions significantly lower
than grid-charged EVs
Emission reduction based the
combined use solar and home battery
storage for charging
