” magazine, March 13, 2025. Figure shows typical
architecture home energy management
system (HEMS) interface where the
gateway coordinates real time data
exchange between electric vehicles, solar
PV, energy storage, smart appliances, and
external cloud and grid entities, integrating
tariff signals, user preferences, and weather
forecasts for optimized V2H control5
.PAGE VEHICLE-TO-HOME (V2H) SYSTEMS
HANDBOOK
3. Power Flow Control and
Optimization
Effective V2H operation relies intelligent
coordination power flows between the EV,
household loads, and the grid minimize
electricity costs, preserve battery health,
and maintain user comfort. 6
Table Control Strategies V2H Operation
5
S&P Global Commodity Insights. Users are
only required provide basic inputs such as
energy price preferences, battery SoC
limits, usage schedule, and backup
requirements for the system function
effectively.7𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥
(daily departure constraint)
Charging (Night Hours):
If [00:00,08: 00] ⇒
𝑃𝐸𝑉⟵𝐺𝑟𝑖𝑑(𝑡) min(𝑃𝑐𝑎𝑝, 𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝐸(𝑡))
. While these represent standard
methods current V2H applications, this is
not exhaustive list; other control logics
such stochastic, fuzzy, learning-based
models are actively being explored in
ongoing research.3𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝐸(𝑡) 0. Table
3 summarizes these commonly used
approaches, outlining their operational logic
and mathematical formulations.
V2H activated during
peak prices SoC above
threshold; charging done
at night
Rule-Based
Optimization
(Tariff-Aware
Scheduling)6
Tariff Structure:
Night: 00:00-08:00
Peak: 17:00-19:00
Day: All other times
SoC Limits:
0. A
well-designed HEMS will already have
these control strategies place. Link
Control Strategies V2H Operation
Description Mathematics
Uses predefined energy
price bands
(day/night/peak) and EV
SoC limits control
charge/discharge timing. These
control logics are typically embedded within
Home Energy Management Systems
(HEMS) Central Management Systems
(CMS), which govern the V2H operation.8𝐸𝑚𝑎𝑥
𝐸(𝑡 00) 0. Depending on
the system’s complexity and available
forecasts, different control strategies are
adopted—ranging from simple rule-based
scheduling more advanced optimization
techniques like Linear Programming (LP)
and Model Predictive Control (MPC). “Home Energy Optimization Using Vehicle-to-Home.” Open
Research Europe (2025): 48. Link
6
Zhang, Shuo, Suzanne Byrne, Liam Fennelly, and Seán Lyons. “Energy Management Systems Key Helping Residential Customers Navigate Increasingly
Complex Energy Markets
