great impor-
tance that all this taken into account
for earth connections earth connection
systems.
The electrical conductivity the soil
therefore mainly depends the propor-
tion saline water bound capillary
forces and osmotic pressure the pores
between grains sand and hygroscop-
ic humus particles (e. The higher the
moisture content the soil, the better
the conductivity.75 l. The
most efficient earthing thus reached
when the electrode placed deep
enough not affected chang-
es soil humidity and temperature.3-0.
(See image)
If the instrument reading the resis-
tivity the soil calculated according to
the following equation:
p Ωm
In unlayered soil, resistivity inde-
pendent the electrode distance a. variations
below 14-18%, conductivity deteriorates
significantly. The techni-
cal specifications and requirements for
earthing demonstrate the advantages of
deep-earth connections, both techni-
cal and economic solution, relation to
surface-earth connections.11:8
System structure and function deep earthing
Earthing
An earth connection conductor
placed the soil, with the aim divert-
ing electrical current from installation
connected the earth connection and
into the surrounding soil.
Measuring earthing resistance the
earth connection
.
By increasing distance the current
penetrates deeper into the ground and
the measured resistivity can fall in-
crease depending the resistivity the
ground layer metre’s depth.
Measurement ground resistance.5 deep metre apart.
The connectors are connected verti-
cal metal tips that are driven down a
row about 0. When
calculating approximate earthing resist-
ance the earth connection when the
depth the resistivity the soil must
be measured with electrode distance ≈
0.
Weather conditions cold, heat, rain and
wind mainly affect the upper layer of
the soil 1. Soil humidity normal-
ly varies between 5-40%.
Soil conditions external conditions?
The importance the soil conductor
of electric current great.g.
The water deeper lying ground layers
usually has higher salinity than the
water the surface layer.clay).
Resistivity
The electrical properties the soil are
quality declared means its resis-
tivity, which measured (former
unit Ωcm, =100 Ωcm). Soil with
good electrical conductivity thus has low
resistivity: 100 Ωm.
Current conduction occurs the soil
through electrolytic processes, known as
ionic conduction. This despite the
fact that the use power without, or
with poor, earthing incurs great risks.
Cold (frost) significantly impairs the
ground’s conductivity.
Soil resistance relation temperature. Earthing thus functions as, among
other things, personal protection, proper-
ty protection, signal transfer protection,
lightning protection and the like. Solid particles such as
gravel are not usually conductive.
Resistivity different soil conditions.
A customer who buys power takes
earthing for granted.e.
This means that voltage surges that can
occur for various reasons are led into the
ground that they not cause dam-
age.
An approved earthing should have: (1)
low electrical resistance, (2) ability to
conduct voltage stably (despite weather
changes) and (3) long service life, i.5 m), which therefore ex-
hibits the most powerful variations. measurement
today almost exclusively voltage compen-
sated electronic resistance bridges are
used (measurement method according to
Wenner) with connection contacts, of
which are for current electrodes and for
voltage probes.
All power suppliers must have approved
earth connections their installations.
good resistance corrosion.
Soil resistance relation humidity.
For each case different soil type, soil
resistance must measured and prefer-
ably during several seasons and differ-
ent weather conditions
