g.22
Transformation the world’s power systems
Table 1-1 Characteristics HVDC MVDC
Characteristic HVDC (transmission) MVDC (distribution)
Primary objective Long-distance, bulk power transfer Localized, high-reliability power
distribution and load interfacing
Topology Sparse, point-to-point limited multi-
terminal
Densely branched, radial, ring, hybrid,
or reconfigurable
Fault
characteristics
Rare but high-energy; centralized fault
detection and full-segment isolation
Frequent, lower-energy faults; fast,
localized detection and isolation
Protection strategy Selective protection the system or
line level
Fine-grained protection down feeder,
branch, converter segment
Infrastructure
model
Centralized control and protection
schemes (e. master stations, SCADA)
Distributed intelligence embedded in
converters, relays, and breakers
Continuity priority System-wide stability and blackout
prevention
Service continuity for critical loads and
local resilience
Integration context System-wide stability and blackout
prevention integration
Frequent AC-coupling and DER
integration; interoperability with existing
infrastructure
Figure 2-2 example all-DC grid segment with various voltage level applications
